I would have to look into this to give you a "fer sure" answer, but I'm betting that the decrease in economy comes mostly from particulate traps/exhaust after-treatement stuff.
Bear in mind, also, that emissions from diesels are different than emissions from gas engines - so different standards (and controls) apply...
The ultimate problem is too damn many people. Even very slight/fractional emissions output on a per car (or per person) basis adds up to trouble when it is multiplied by 300 million.... or 1 billion.